Motty
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| posted on 21/7/03 at 05:47 PM |
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Lightened Flywheel
Does anybody know, is it actually worth lightening a flywheel? What difference in the 0 - 60 will it make on a 1.8 Pinto which I am expecting to be
in the region of 7.5 seconds.
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darren(SA)
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| posted on 21/7/03 at 06:41 PM |
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don't kill me for this long reply!!!
When the flywheel of a car is lightened it can have a great effect on acceleration - much more than just the weight saving as a proportion of the
total vehicle weight would account for. This is because rotating components store rotational energy as well as having to be accelerated in a linear
direction along with the rest of the car's mass. The faster a component rotates, the greater the amount of rotational kinetic energy that ends
up being stored in it. The engine turns potential energy from fuel into kinetic energy of motion when it accelerates a vehicle. Any energy that ends
up being stored in rotating components is not available to accelerate the car in a linear direction - so reducing the mass (or more properly the
"moment of inertia" of these components leaves more of the engine's output to accelerate the car. It can be useful to know how much
weight we would need to remove from the chassis to equate to removing a given amount of weight from the flywheel (or any other rotating component).
There is more than one way of solving this equation - we can work out the torque and forces acting on the various components and hence calculate the
accelerations involved - also we can solve it by considering the kinetic energy of the system. The latter approach is simpler to explain so this is
the one shown below.
Let's imagine we take two identical cars - to car A we add 1 Kg of mass to the circumference of the flywheel at radius "r" from the
centre. To car B we add exactly the right amount of mass to the chassis so that both cars continue to accelerate at the same rate. If we accelerate
both cars for the same amount of time they will end up at the same speed and will have absorbed the same amount of kinetic energy from the engine. In
other words, the additional 1 Kg in the flywheel of car A will have stored the same amount of kinetic energy as the additional M Kg of mass in the
chassis of car B. To solve the problem of the size of M we need to use the following definitions:
V - the speed of either car after the period of acceleration
R - the tyre radius
G - the total gearing (i.e. the number of engine revolutions for each tyre revolution)
r - the flywheel radius (i.e. the radius at which the extra mass has been added to car A)
M - the amount of mass added to the chassis of car B
Kinetic energy is proportional to ½mv² - the kinetic energy stored in the extra chassis mass in car B is therefore ½MV².
The extra 1 Kg of flywheel mass in car A stores linear kinetic energy in the same way as if it were just part of the chassis. After all, every part of
the car is travelling at V m/s - so it stores linear kinetic energy of ½ x 1 x V² = ½V².
To find out how much rotational kinetic energy the 1 Kg stores, we need to know the speed the flywheel circumference is travelling at. The car is
travelling at the same speed as the circumference of the tyre (assuming no tyre slip of course). We know that for every revolution of the tyre, the
flywheel makes G revolutions. However the flywheel is a different size to the tyre - so the speed of the circumference of the flywheel is VGr/R. The
rotational kinetic energy is therefore ½(VGr/R)².
Now we can put the whole equation together - the extra kinetic energy in the chassis of car B = the sum of the linear and rotational kinetic energies
in the 1 Kg of flywheel mass of car A - therefore:
½MV² = ½V² + ½(VGr/R)² =>
½MV² = ½V² + ½V²(Gr/R)² => divide both sides by ½V² to arrive at the final equation:
M = 1 + (Gr/R)²
That wasn't so bad then - we managed to avoid using true rotational dynamics involving radians and moments of inertia by considering the actual
speed of the flywheel circumference. This did of course involve assuming that all the mass added or removed from the flywheel was at the same radius
from the centre. In the real world that is not going to be the case so we need to use moments of inertia rather than mass to solve the equation. The
simple equation above is useful though in getting an idea of the relative effect of lightening components provided we have a good idea of the average
radius that the metal is removed from. It can be seen that gearing is an important factor in this equation. The higher the gearing the greater the
effect of reducing weight - so for a real car the effect is large in 1st gear and progressively less important in the higher gears. We can also
hopefully see that when r is larger, so is the effective chassis weight M. So removing mass from the outside of the flywheel is more effective than
removing it from nearer the centre.
It might at first look as though tyre diameter is important but of course it isn't for a real car - if tyre size was to change then so would
gearing have to if overall mph per thousand rpm were to stay the same - the two factors would then cancel out again.
To show the sort of numbers that a real car might have, I did some calculations based on a car with average gear ratios and tyre sizes - the table
below shows the number of Kg of mass that would have to be removed from the chassis to equate to 1 Kg removed from the O/D of the flywheel at a radius
of 5 inches.
GEAR MASS KG
1 39
2 12
3 6
4 4
5 3
So in first and second gear this is a pretty important effect - I built an engine recently and managed to remove nearly 3 Kg from the outside of the
standard flywheel - so that would be equivalent to lightening the car by over 100 Kg in 1st gear - not to be sneezed at in terms of acceleration from
rest. With special steel or aluminium flywheels even more "moment of inertia" can be saved. The recent trend in racing engines to using
very small and light paddle clutches and flywheels is therefore more effective in terms of the overall performance of the vehicle than it might first
appear.
There's a final consequence of the "flywheel effect" being dependent on gearing. Small highly tuned, high revving engines need to
run much higher (numerically) gearing than large, low tuned engines. This means that the effect can be very pronounced on them. Bike engines are a
good case in point, especially as they are now starting to be used in cars so much. A 100 bhp bike engine might only be 600cc and rev to 12,000 rpm. A
100 bhp car engine might be 2 litres and rev to 5,500 rpm. Put the bike engine in a car and you'll need to run a final drive ratio twice as high
as for the car engine. As the flywheel effect is proportional to the square of gearing, it will be 4 times as high for the bike engine. You could
therefore be talking about 1kg off the flywheel being equivalent to 160kg off the weight of the car. That's why bike engines have such small
multiplate clutches to keep the moment of inertia down. On the other side of the coin, it's not worth spending much money lightening the
flywheel of a 7 litre Chevy engine revving to under 5,000 and geared for 60 mph in first as the vehicle will be very insensitive to the reduction in
weight.
If you are going to get your standard cast iron road car flywheel lightened then be sure to take it to a proper vehicle engineer and not just your
local machine shop. Take off too much material and it might be weakened so much that it explodes in use. Given that flywheels (at least in rear wheel
drive cars) tend to be situated about level with your feet, it isn't worth the extra acceleration if you lose both feet when the ring gear comes
out through the side of the transmission tunnel like a buzz saw at 7,000 rpm. There are plenty of ex racing drivers hobbling about on crutches
who'll tell you that this can and does happen. On FWD cars the effects can even more unpleasant - a flywheel entering the cabin can give you a
split personality starting from just below the waist that will put quite a crimp in your day. Also when you remove any weight from the flywheel it
will need re-balancing again properly. We'll be happy to do the job for you if you don't know of an experienced engineering shop.
Addenda (May 2002). A friend, Garry, told me an interesting story the other day which relates to my warning above about lightening flywheels properly.
He was at the local engine reconditioners chatting to the proprietor about having a cylinder head skimmed. At the back of the workshop, one of the
lads who worked there was lightening a flywheel on the lathe. Suddenly there was an almighty bang and a lot of swearing so Garry and the owner went
back to see what had happened. The lad had been removing material from the centre of the flywheel, just outboard of where the 6 crankshaft bolt holes
are. For starters this is a stupid place to remove material because it is a highly stressed area and also much less effective in terms of the
reduction in inertia than removing material from the rim of the flywheel. Anyway, to cut a long story short this idiot had machined right through the
flywheel leaving the centre attached to the chuck of the lathe and the rest had flown off and bounced across the workshop. It made me wonder what
would have happened if he'd stopped just short of machining right through, say with only 1mm thickness of material left, without realising how
thin and weak he'd made it. It would then have failed in the car, maybe at high rpm, and done the sort of damage I describe above. The moral is
clear. Get critical work like this done by someone who knows what they are doing - like me
Other Rotating Components
All other components which rotate absorb energy in addition to them having to be accelerated linearly along with the chassis. Components which rotate
at engine speed like flywheels are the most cost effective ones to lighten in terms of their equivalent chassis mass but it pays not to overlook the
mass of any rotating component. The next major category is items which rotate at wheel speed - wheels, tyres, discs etc. These don't rotate as
fast as engine components but they can be very heavy. The average car wheel and tyre weigh about 45 lbs together. A good rule of thumb is that in
addition to its own normal weight a wheel speed item adds the equivalent of an extra 3/4 of its mass to the effective chassis mass and this figure is
not dependent on gearing so it stays a constant at all times. It's a smaller effect than the flywheel effect which can be many times its own
mass in first gear but still important. Let's say you fit wide wheels and tyres to your car. If each corner weighs an extra 10 lbs more than the
standard items then the effective increase in chassis mass is 40 lbs for the direct weight plus another 30 lbs being 3/4 of the direct mass - a total
of 70 lbs. On a light car like a Westfield or hillclimb single seater this could be between 5% and 7% of the effective total car weight. Equivalent to
knocking the same percentage off the engine's power in acceleration terms. That's why F1 and other high tech series designers strive so
hard to reduce weight in this area and use magnesium instead of aluminium for wheels and the thinnest possible carcasses for tyres. It also reduces
unsprung weight of course which helps the suspension and handling. Even on a 1 ton road car the effect of heavy wheels and tyres can be noticeable in
terms of reduced acceleration. Wider tyres also absorb a bit more power in friction which doesn't help either if the engine is on the small
side.
The other few rotating items, gearbox internals, camshafts etc are generally of small diameter and not worth lightening because of their consequent
low inertia. One thing I can promise you is that the current fad for anodised aluminium cam pulleys which then usually get hidden behind a cover
anyway won't make a scrap of difference to your engine because of the few grams weight they save. They may well wear out and cost you your
entire engine if the teeth strip off the belt though. Aluminium is not really the material for gears and sprockets but when did fashion and common
sense ever go together?
I had this from the FAQ's of the VW club of SA
Didn't really feel like reading it again so hope you can find the buried answer
As far as I understand it, it doesn't improve your performance that much if done by itself.and is recomended only if the rest of the engine is
modyfied eg ported balanced,cams etc
cheers darren
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stats
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| posted on 21/7/03 at 07:47 PM |
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lightend flywheel
Serves you right for asking
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Peteff
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| posted on 21/7/03 at 11:26 PM |
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Ow the ell are you supposed to build a car if you have to sit and plough through tha lot? Does your car go faster as the tyres wear out because they
get lighter and does it affect the gearing? If I put helium in the tyres will it affect the unsprung weight? Please answer yes or no to these
questions .
yours, Pete.
yours, Pete
I went into the RSPCA office the other day. It was so small you could hardly swing a cat in there.
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blueshift
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 02:38 AM |
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Pete:
yes and yes.
next!
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Mix
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 07:16 AM |
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Oh! and don't forget those other performance enhancing measures of:
Wearing only fire proof underpants, only having a light meal, and visiting the toilet before driving
Mick
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DaveFJ
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 08:05 AM |
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Don't forget to paint it red - everyone knows that red cars go faster - ask a ferrari owner!
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darren(SA)
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 10:22 AM |
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HAHA
Now that you guys have read it, can you summurize it for me
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ned
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 10:29 AM |
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a lighter flywheel won't give your car any extra power but will allow the engine to spin up quicker (centrifugal forces) and hence improve
acceleration.
Ned.
(awaits criticism)
beware, I've got yellow skin
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darren(SA)
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 10:34 AM |
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should be able to rev slightly higher as well,
darren
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ned
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 10:38 AM |
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depends on your ecu/rev limiter (assumed fitted) surely?
Ned.
beware, I've got yellow skin
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pbura
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 11:03 AM |
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Hi, everybody  My first post here.
As I understand it, the benefit is in acceleration, because the engine consumes less energy accelerating its internal parts.
According to one article I read, an engine with a lightened flywheel will give higher hp readings while accelerating, but no difference at a steady
RPM.
Kinda makes sense. There must be some benefit or racers wouldn't do it. The same article claimed a 25-30% increase in hp (while accelerating),
but I can't see how this could apply to all engines.
The side effects are that the engine will be easier to stall, and may idle poorly if you go too light. Also, engine braking ability disappears.
As this is one of the very few things one can do to hop up a rotary engine on the cheap without killing emissions, I'll probably do it just for
the heck of it.
Pete B.
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Spyderman
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 11:22 AM |
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Looks like someone is practicing for an exam!
Darren, I wouldn't dare dispute your figures because I couldn't stay awake long enough to read it all.
Motty, Lightening the flywheel should help with acceleration as it allows the engine to spin up faster, especially as it will be in a much lighter
car.
How it will effect your 0-60 times I would not like to say, because that would be dependant on so many other things.
If all others things stay equal then maybe DarrenSA could give those figures if for example the flywheel was reduced from 15 - 12lbs. These weights
are pure guesswork as I don't know how heavy your flywheel is, but it is quite common for VW type 1 engines.
There is also a limit to how light you can make the flywheel before the engine becomes eratic or lumpy.
You need a certain rotational mass to keep the engine turning over smoothly (this may have been what Darren was saying?).
You find that racing engines have very light flywheels, but as a consequence they also have a very high idle (can be anywhere between 1500 and 2500
rpm). This would not be good for fuel economy or noise comfort!
Terry
Spyderman
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Mark Allanson
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| posted on 22/7/03 at 07:40 PM |
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Slimmed down flywheels can make it a sod to change gear smoothly, cos while the engine internals can accelerate more quickly, they also slow down
quicker too, what you gain in performance on the drag strip can be lost on the road due to missed changes.
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